G.
Derivational suffixes
Among the
characteristics of the derivational suffixes there are three that will be our immediate
concern.
- The
words which combine with Derivational suffix is an arbitrary matter. e.g:
The word Endorse we must add -ment to be word Endorsement.
- In
many cases, but not all, a Derivational
suffix change the part of speech of the word which it is added. e.g:
Th noun act becomes an adjective by
addition of –ive to be an adjective active and we can add –ate to be verb activate.
- In
the end a word, we can add more than one suffixes. e.g: Organize=>Organization=>Organizational purify=>Purifier=>purifiers
H. Suffixal homophones
Suffixal Homophones a word
pronounced the same as another but differing meaning (family laxim)
whether,spalled,the some one not’
1 –er
– cp = Better er – cp
= Bigger
2 –er
– n = Singer er – rp = Glitter
- Verb-ing Nominal
: Setting, Metting Verb-V : Climbing Adj :
Climbing- interesting place
The
second is repetition {-ER rp}. Ex: Glitter,
patter, chatter.
Nominal
derivational suffix{-ING nm} Ex: weddings,
meetings, readings.
Adjectival {-ER aj} Ex:
a charming woman
{-ING
vb} She is touching a book
{-ING
nominal} a
touching will create a carrier
{-ING
aj} It was a touching movie
The
verbal inflectional {-D pp}
{-ING
vb} verb It was a finished job
{-ING
adj} always follow noun/pronoun Our new surgeon is reserved
The
adverbial derivational suffix {-LY adv}
{-LY
adv} always follow verb/adjective The
witness testified falsely
{-LY
adj} always follow noun/pronoun It
was a cowardly act
I. Noun Feminine Forms
English a
small clutch of nounts with feminine derivational suffixes. All but one of
these feminizing suffixes (-ster) are of fereign origin.
Suffix
|
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
1.
–e
|
Fiance
|
Fiancee
|
2.
–enne
|
Comedian
|
Comedianne
|
3.
–ess
|
Patron
|
Patroness
|
4.
–etta
|
Henry
|
Henrietta
|
5.
–ette
|
Farmer
|
Farmerette
|
6.
–euse
|
Masseur
|
Masseuse
|
7.
–ina
|
George
|
Georgina
|
8.
–ine
|
Hero
|
Heroine
|
9.
–ster
|
Spinner
|
Spinster
|
10.
–stress
|
Seamster
|
Seamstress
|
11.
–ix
|
Aviator
|
Aviatrix
|
The
most productive
Ø Without
changing the end masculine
Masculine feminine
Boy girl
King queen
·
it
is added to nouns to form adjectives that are not infleted with –er,est.
e.g: best, bestl
- it
is added to few adjectives , giving alternate adjectival forms that are also
inflected with er,-est. e.g: dead,deadly
- it
is added to short list of time nouns to form adjectives. e.g: mounth, mountly
J. Noun
Diminutive Forms
1. –ie,
-i, -y
|
Auntie,
betty, sweetie, willy
|
2. – ette
|
Dinette,
towelette
|
3. – kin, - ikin, -kins
|
Lambkin,
manikin
|
4. –ling
|
Duckling,
darling(=little dear)
|
5. –et
|
Circlet
|
6. -let
|
booklet,
starlet
|
The first suffix
pronounced /i/ and spelled –ie, -i and -y is productive. It is usually attached
to one syllable first name to suggest endearnment, intimacy and smallness.
The second suffix is
also to suggest smallness.
Ex: Roomate is a small room. Dinette is
a small dinner area.
In addition to these
six diminutives, many other have come into English from part borrowed by
another words. These is diminutives in their parent language, but non-morphemic
in English.
Mosquito panel venezuela
K Allomorphs
Allomorph is variant form of morpheme,
relate between Phonology(sound) and Morphology(structure of word).
1 Additive allomorph
It
usually part of past tense
Verb:
Past tense /t/, /d/ and /ed/ (Alveolar sound)Ex:
Laughed
= -D pt /t/
Wanted = -D pt /-ed/
Played = -D pt /d/
Noun:
Plural
Riplacive
Allomorphs ( internal)
Example
: tooth- teeth,food,feed
Teeth ( s pl (i;) noun plural infix internal change
2 Suplative
Allomorphs change totaly
Example
: eat – ate – etten.
Mouse – mice
Ox –oxen
3 Zero
Allomorphs
Example
: Read
They read a magazine last night –d pt /o/ past tense zero Allomorphs
L. Replacive
Allomorph
Replacive allomorph can be indicate by going back to the past tense (-D pp). This
morpheme has three allomorph: /-ed/, /-d/, /-t/
Yesterday we parted /partəd
Yesterday we laughed /lᴂft/
Yesterday we played /pled/
Yesterday we sang /sæη/
Sometimes replacive allomorph alsa
called infixes, because positioned within a word.
M.
Homophones
You are ecquanted with many pairs, trios English with sound alike differ
in meaning. Same of pronounsition/ sound, you are acquainted
with many pairs,trios, and even foursomes of words in english which sound alike
but differ in maening.
The same it true of
bound forms. Compare
Verbal inflectional
suffix : it feels /-z/ good
Noun plural
inflectional suffix : those frogs
/-z/
Noun possessive inflactional
suffix : John’s /-z/ book
Example : your, you’re
N. Phonesthemes
Phonesthemes are speech sound that in
themselves express, elicit or suggestion the meaning.
1.
At the beginnings of words, one
syllable:
/gl-/
= Light Ex: glow, glare,
glink, gleant, glisten
/fl-/
= Moving light Ex: flame, flash,
flare, flambeau
/sp-/
= Point Ex: spire, spark,
spot, spout, spede
/sl-/
= Movement Ex: slide, slink,
slosh, slither, slouch, slump
2.
At the ends of one-syllables word, the
voiceless stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are express of a stoppege of movement.
Ex:
slap, pat, flick, tap, hit, crack, stop, shit and sleep.
3.
At the ends of two syllable words, we
find the phonesthemes /-ər/ and /-əl/:
/-ər/ chatter, clatter, gibber, patter, sputter,
mutter, jabber, twitter, litter, shatter, slammer, shimmer, litter, clatter,
flutter.
/-əl/ babble, giggle, twinkle, waggle, freckle,
dribble, juggle, crackle, chuckle, rattle, sparkle, stipple, prattle, wriggle,
drizzle.
