G.    Derivational suffixes
                Among the characteristics of the derivational suffixes there are three that will be our immediate concern.

• The words which combine with Derivational suffix is an arbitrary matter. e.g: The word Endorse we must add -ment to be word Endorsement.
• In many cases, but not all,  a Derivational suffix change the part of speech of the word which it is added. e.g: Th noun act becomes an adjective by addition of –ive to be an adjective active and we can add ­–ate to be verb activate.
• In the end a word, we can add more than one suffixes. e.g: Organize=>Organization=>Organizational                                                                                     purify=>Purifier=>purifiers

     H. Suffixal homophones

       Suffixal Homophones a word pronounced the same as another but differing meaning (family laxim) whether,spalled,the some one not’

•  Comperative degree

1                              –er – cp = Better                     er – cp = Bigger

2                 –er – n    = Singer                    er – rp = Glitter

•   Verb-ing                                                                                                                                        Nominal : Setting, Metting                                                                                                               Verb-V   : Climbing                                                                                                                          Adj         : Climbing- interesting place

The second is repetition {-ER rp}. Ex: Glitter, patter, chatter.

Nominal derivational suffix{-ING nm} Ex: weddings, meetings, readings.

Adjectival {-ER aj} Ex: a charming woman

{-ING vb}                        She is touching a book

{-ING nominal}    a touching will create a carrier

{-ING aj}              It was a touching movie

      The verbal inflectional {-D pp}

          {-ING vb}      verb                                                     It was a finished job

          {-ING adj}     always follow noun/pronoun              Our new surgeon is reserved

    The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY adv}

          {-LY adv} always follow verb/adjective       The witness testified falsely

          {-LY adj} always follow noun/pronoun         It was a cowardly act

 I. Noun Feminine Forms

           English a small clutch of nounts with feminine derivational suffixes. All but one of these feminizing suffixes (-ster) are of fereign origin.

   

Suffix	Masculine	Feminine
1.      –e	Fiance	Fiancee
2.      –enne	Comedian	Comedianne
3.      –ess	Patron	Patroness
4.      –etta	Henry	Henrietta
5.      –ette	Farmer	Farmerette
6.      –euse	Masseur	Masseuse
7.      –ina	George	Georgina
8.      –ine	Hero	Heroine
9.      –ster	Spinner	Spinster
10.  –stress	Seamster	Seamstress
11.  –ix	Aviator	Aviatrix

The most productive

Ø  Without changing the end masculine

     Masculine                    feminine

     Boy                             girl      

     King                            queen

       ·         it is added to nouns to form adjectives that are not infleted with –er,est.

                     e.g: best, bestl

•     it is added to few adjectives , giving alternate adjectival forms that are also inflected with           er,-est.                                                                                                                                                e.g: dead,deadly
•      it is added to short list of time nouns to form adjectives.                                                              e.g: mounth, mountly

J.    Noun Diminutive Forms

1.      –ie, -i, -y	Auntie, betty, sweetie, willy
2.      – ette	Dinette, towelette
3.      – kin, - ikin, -kins	Lambkin, manikin
4.      –ling	Duckling, darling(=little dear)
5.      –et	Circlet
6.      -let	booklet, starlet

The first suffix pronounced /i/ and spelled –ie, -i and -y is productive. It is usually attached to one syllable first name to suggest endearnment, intimacy and smallness.

The second suffix is also to suggest smallness.

Ex: Roomate is a small room. Dinette is a small dinner area.

In addition to these six diminutives, many other have come into English from part borrowed by another words. These is diminutives in their parent language, but non-morphemic in English.

Mosquito                                 panel                            venezuela

K  Allomorphs

Allomorph is variant form of morpheme, relate between Phonology(sound) and Morphology(structure of word).

1               Additive allomorph

           It usually part of past tense

           Verb: Past tense /t/, /d/ and /ed/ (Alveolar sound)Ex:

               Laughed = -D pt /t/

              Wanted   = -D pt /-ed/

              Played    = -D pt /d/

              Noun: Plural

             Riplacive Allomorphs ( internal)

         Example : tooth- teeth,food,feed

                 Teeth ( s pl (i;) noun plural infix internal change

2           Suplative Allomorphs change totaly

         Example : eat – ate – etten.

                  Mouse – mice

                  Ox –oxen

3            Zero Allomorphs

          Example : Read

          They read a magazine last night –d pt /o/ past tense zero Allomorphs

L.      Replacive Allomorph

Replacive allomorph can be indicate  by going back to the past tense (-D pp). This morpheme has three allomorph: /-ed/, /-d/, /-t/

Yesterday we parted         /partəd

Yesterday we laughed      /lᴂft/

Yesterday we played        /pled/

Yesterday we sang            /sæη/

Sometimes replacive allomorph alsa called infixes, because positioned within a word.

M.    Homophones

         You are ecquanted with many pairs, trios English with sound alike differ in meaning. Same of pronounsition/ sound, you are acquainted with many pairs,trios, and even foursomes of words in english which sound alike but differ in maening.

The same it true of bound forms. Compare

Verbal inflectional suffix              : it feels /-z/ good

Noun plural inflectional suffix      : those frogs /-z/

Noun possessive inflactional suffix          : John’s /-z/ book

Example : your, you’re

N.    Phonesthemes

Phonesthemes are speech sound that in themselves express, elicit or suggestion the meaning.

1.      At the beginnings of words, one syllable:

/gl-/ = Light                 Ex: glow, glare, glink, gleant, glisten

/fl-/ = Moving light     Ex: flame, flash, flare, flambeau

/sp-/ = Point                 Ex: spire, spark, spot, spout, spede

/sl-/ = Movement         Ex: slide, slink, slosh, slither, slouch, slump

2.      At the ends of one-syllables word, the voiceless stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are express of a stoppege of movement.

Ex: slap, pat, flick, tap, hit, crack, stop, shit and sleep.

3.      At the ends of two syllable words, we find the phonesthemes /-ər/ and /-əl/:

/-ər/      chatter, clatter, gibber, patter, sputter, mutter, jabber, twitter, litter, shatter, slammer, shimmer, litter, clatter, flutter.

/-əl/      babble, giggle, twinkle, waggle, freckle, dribble, juggle, crackle, chuckle, rattle, sparkle, stipple, prattle, wriggle, drizzle.